Platybelodon - Facts and Figures

Name: Platybelodon (Greek for flat tusk); pronounced PLAT-ee-BELL-oh-don Habitat: Swamps, lakes and rivers of Africa and Eurasia Historical Epoch: Late Miocene (10 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 2-3 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Flat, shovel-shaped, joined tusks on lower jaw; possible prehensile trunk About Platybelodon As you may have guessed from its name, Platybelodon (Greek for flat tusk) was a close relative of Amebelodon (shovel-tusk): both of these prehistoric elephants presumably used their flattened lower tusks to dig up the moist vegetation along the flooded plains, lakebeds and riverbanks of late Miocene Africa and Eurasia, about 10 million years ago. The main difference between the two was that Platybelodons fused silverware was much more advanced than Amebelodons, with a broad, concave, serrated surface that bore an uncanny resemblance to a modern spork; measuring about two or three feet long and a foot wide, it certainly gave this prehistoric proboscid a pronounced underbite. Recent scholarship has challenged the claim that Platybelodon wielded its lower tusk like a spork, digging this appendage deep into the muck and dredging up hundreds of pounds of vegetation. It turns out that Platybelodons double lower tusk was much more densely and robustly built than would have been required for this simple task; an alternative theory is that this elephant grasped the branches of trees with its trunk, then swung its massive head back and forth to scythe down the tough plants underneath, or eve strip and eat bark. (You can thank Henry Fairfield Osborn, the one-time director of the American Museum of Natural History, for the trunkless dredging scenario, which he popularized in the 1930s.)

Census Offers Statistics on Older Americans

On July 1, 2004, 12 percent of all Americans were 65 years of age and over. By 2050, people 65 and over will comprise an impressive 21 percent of the U.S. population, reports the U.S. Census Bureau. Every year since May 1963, Older Americans Month has been honored with a presidential proclamation. Last year, President George W.  Bush said, â€Å"Older Americans help others to understand the past, and they teach timeless lessons of courage, endurance and love. Through their legacy of patriotism, service, and responsibility, Americas seniors also unite families and communities and serve as role models for younger generations.† In observance of Older Americans Month 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau has compiled some revealing statistics about Americas aging population. Population 36.3 million -- The number of people 65 and over in the U.S. on July 1, 2004. This age group accounts for 12 percent of the total U.S. population. Between 2003 and 2004, 351,000 people moved into this age group.86.7 million -- Projected number of people 65 and over in the year 2050. People in this age group would comprise 21 percent of Americas total population at that time.147% -- Projected percentage increase in the 65-and-over population between 2000 and 2050. By comparison, the population as a whole would have increased by only 49 percent over the same period. Jobs 4.6 million -- Number of people age 65 and over who are still employed. This amounts to 13 percent of all people in this age group. Education 77%- Proportion of people ages 65 to 69 who graduated from high school. Seventy-three percent of people ages 70 to 74 and 68 percent of those 75 and over are also high school graduates.20% -- Percentage of the population ages 65 to 69 who have a bachelors degree or higher education. Among people ages 70 to 74, 19 percent have achieved this level of education; for those 75 and over, 15 percent are college graduates.73,000 -- Number of people 65 and over enrolled in college in October 2002.The Census Bureau has also reported that a college degree greatly increases a persons lifetime earnings, with persons holding masters degrees typically earning $1.3 million over their lifetimes than those with high school diplomas only. On a yearly basis, a college degree typically at least doubles a persons average annual earnings.   Income and Wealth $108,885-- Median net worth in 2000 of households with householders 65 and over. In contrast, householders under the age of 35 had a median household net worth of $7,240.$23,787 -- Median 2003 income of households with householders 65 and over, statistically unchanged, in real terms, from the previous year.10.2% -- Poverty rate for people 65 and over in 2003. Voting Patterns 65% -- Percentage of registered voters ages 65 to 74 who voted in the 2002 Congressional election. Seventy-two percent of people ages 65 to 74 voted in the 2000 presidential election. This age group had the highest rate of voter participation in both the 2000 and 2002 elections. Service to Our Nation 9.7 million -- Estimated number of people age 65 and over who are military veterans. [Source: U.S. Census Bureau]

Gandhi The Great Soul - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2139 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Mahatma Gandhi Essay Did you like this example? Gandhi The Great soul Gandhi had a valuable impact on India as he got independence beginning with time in South Africa as a lawyer. The Salt March was the first Nonviolence Movement (Satyagraha) in India that he started in South Africa. The Nonviolence Movement in South Africa had a great impact on the Indians who are living in South Africa and the Quit India Movement to fight for independence in India. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gandhi: The Great Soul" essay for you Create order He was later troubled over the Two Nation Theory because Gandhi wanted India and Pakistan together and was upset when the separation occurred in 1947 after independence. Beginning with time in South Africa as a lawyer Gandhi was not a popular lawyer and throughout his journey in South Africa, he was successful and also witnessed some situations which made him think about them and find a solution. Gandhi’s first case in South Africa as a lawyer was when an Indian firm doing business in South Africa asked him to travel to Durban in order to settle a dispute and represent it in a civil suit against another Indian firm (Sofri 56-57). While he was going from Durban to Pretoria on the court case that he was handling and working on, he been thrown out of the train. Even though he had a first class ticket the train conductor asked him to move to third class because of his skin color and race. This was a firm event that Gandhi would remember. And his non-violence movement started from then (Sofri 56-57). There were close to 100,00 Indians in South Africa and almost every Indian is treated very badly like, they were ordered to work as slaves, and other low paid and hard working jobs. Gandhi saw how oppresses his countrymen were by the whites (Sofri 56-57). When Gandhi became Mahatma he created a lot of thoughts and ideas that would help many people. In South Africa, he lived there for over 20 years and elaborated many of the ideas that would lead him to become Mahatma. One major accomplishment that Gandhi did in South Africa is that he created a Nonviolence Movement which is a protest without violence against some laws that hold the Indians back. One example of where the laws holding Indians back is the Balck Act It helped many Indians who were living in South Africa (Sofri 56-57). Many of Gandhis followers in South Africa followed him to an ashram which is a place of self-sufficient community where they practiced the ideals of satyagraha and hoped to inspire the outside world to embrace nonviolence. Later, Gandhi was very popular in South Africa due to his Nonviolence Movement (Stockdale). The black act was also one of the reasons Gandhi started satyagraha. The black act required Indians in South Africa to be fingerprinted and to carr y registration documents with them all times (Vander 41-42). It also declared Indian marriages invalid (Vander 41-42). Gandhi created satyagraha to get the laws out of the Indians way so that they can live freely. After some time it paid off as Indians got freedom in South Africa and were able to do many things like voting and other things that all people do (Vander 41-42). Salt March was the beginning of Gandhi’s Nonviolence Movement in India. Salt March was Gandhis most famous non-violence act which began on March 12, 1930. He led his 240-mile anti-salt tax march south from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi beach (Wolpert Gandhi, Mahatma M. K). Many people followed him including his followers, Sarojini Naidu and many other great personalities who want to make India better and get independence (Wolpert Gandhi, Mahatma M. K). British imposed hard taxes on basic necessities. During Britishers rule in India, they imposed harsh taxes on basic necessities like salt and other products ( Vander 7-9). Salt is a basic necessity of life and if there are harsh taxes on basic goods like salt, poor people cannot afford to buy it and will have to starve to death ( Vander 7-9). Gandhi criticized the government for taking ( imposing harsh taxes) an important product that nature provided in abundance ( Vander 7-9). On April 6, 1930, Gandhi was in a small village called Dandi and took a mixture of salt and mud and lifted above his head. Many other followers shouted and cheered, hoping for a better future by this movement ( Vander 7-9). Gandhi and other people did this march so as to take an action on tax resistance. Gandhi and his followers c onducted this protest in a nonviolent way against the British salt monopoly (Vander 7-9). Many people who participated in this movement have been arrested and put in jail. Gandhi welcomed people who have been arrested and spun cotton while in jail (Wolpert â€Å" Gandhi, Mahatma M.K†). This movement was great as it gained worldwide attention and gave Indians energy about participating in any activity that would get their Independence (Wolpert â€Å" Gandhi, Mahatma M.K†). The Nonviolence Movement made Indian people get Courage and hope during the British rule. Nonviolence is Gandhi’s preferred way of doing something or anything. Gandhi insisted that truth and love are very important and he said that they will move the world that means anyone can do anything with those characteristics (Wolpert Gandhi, Mahatma M. K). Gandhi prayed Rama. He used most ancient yogic weapons instead of physical weapons to control before launching any revolutionary movement. In this case, he did a lot of fasting before he started some movements which went very viral across India (Wolpert Gandhi, Mahatma M. K). He did not hate enemies and taught his followers to love instead of harming someone who has a grudge on (Wolpert Gandhi, Mahatma M. K). Gandhis concept of nonviolence was a moral belief. His concept of non-violence rebuked not only killing but hurting, harming or inflicting suffering on any living being (Sofri 167-169). Gandhi intended to modify the world, but not to accept it (Sofri 167-169). Gandhi intended to oppose evil actively in order to defeat it. He intended to combat injustice. He did not deny conflict, but only the use of violence to resolve it (Sofri 167-169). Gandhi believed that violence never leads to a lasting or stable solution to the conflict. Gandhi led his struggles with incredible loyalty. He never adopted a strategy of surprise (Sofri 167-169). Gandhi said Satyagraha is not predominantly civil disobedience, but a quiet and irresistible pursuit of truth ( qtd. In Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi). Gandhi developed the concept of satyagraha (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi). He started satyagraha (nonviolent resistance) in South Africa. Gandhi urged all Indians in South Africa to defy a law requiring registration and fingerprinting of all Indians (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi). This quote is saying that satyagraha is a nonviolent act which holds onto its truth and proceed without any harm to others (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi). Albert Einstein said,Generations to come will scarcely believe that such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth. He also said will scarcely believe (qtd. in Gandhi). Einstein had in mind Gandhis distinctive capacity for nonviolent resistance (Gandhi). Quit India movement was a movement started by Gandhi. Its motto is to send British out of India and get Freedom in India. Gandhi didnt accept British demands of supporting Britain its allies in WWII (Wolpert â€Å"Gandhi, Mahatma M.K†). He insisted that all mass violence is evil and was against just war concept (Wolpert â€Å"Gandhi, Mahatma M.K†). He started his Satyagraha movement after the WWII started by sending his disciple Vinoba Bhave to break British martial law (Wolpert â€Å"Gandhi, Mahatma M.K†). Gandhi demands the British to leave India(Vander 76-77). On August 8, 1942, Gandhi demanded that the British leave India (Vander 76-77). He told people to carry out nonviolence civil disobed ience in what came to be called the Quit India movement (Vander 76-77). When they are participating in the Quit India Movement campaigns and other programs many people like Gandhi, Naidu, Kasturbai were arrested (Vander 76-77). In retaliation, large-scale violence broke out all over India. People burned government officials, exploded bombs, cut off electricity (Vander 76-77). They vandalized railroad stations, telegraph offices, and anything else related to British rule (Vander 76-77).   British officials were attacked and some were killed. Gandhi, from his jail, began writing letters to British office, demanding rights for the Indian people (Vander 76-77). Gandhi went to Bombay to lead the Congress working committee in one final mass Satyagraha to end the British Raj who have been waiting to arrest Gandhi (Wolpert Gandhi, Mahatma M. K). He resolved to demand that every British soldier and civilian must immediately leave by using the quote Quit India (Wolpert Gandhi, Mahatma M. K). Two Nation Theory states that Pakistan should be a separate country to that of India. Just months before Indias independence, carnage in scale broke out against Hindus in Muslim-dominated Eastern Bengal and against Muslims in Hindu-majority Bihar (Gandhi). Gandhi never accepted the Two Nations theory, which stated that a sanctuary for the subcontinents Muslims in a future Pakistan and a natural home for its Hindus in India (Gandhi). Gandhi always wanted India and Pakistan to be like br others but the British came and destroyed Gandhi dream by separating India and Pakistan (Gandhi). On Aug. 15, 1947, as India won its freedom Gandhi didnt celebrate the independence instead he was in Calcutta, where sectarian riots between India and Pakistan had disfigured life, even as bloody carnage had left hundreds of Hindus dead in Eastern Bengal and Muslims, likewise, in Bihar (Gandhi). On Jan 30, 1948, a Hindu Brahmin who believed Gandhi had betrayed Hindus and supported Muslim killed Gandhi with three bullets fired at point blank. Everybody hopes, that Gandhi was there to support them in all aspects, has vanished and were very sad (Gandhi). Gandhi didnt show hatred or write a harsh word. But with his toughest resistance which is called satyagraha, he managed to tackle the situation. Many great leaders like Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela found this capacity in Gandhi compelling, exemplary and even sublime (Gandhi). Gandhi said, I am not going to leave Benga l until the last embers of trouble are stamped out†(qtd. inMohandas Karamchand Gandhi). When Gandhi came from the prison due to the Quit India movement he sought to avert the creation of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan that Muhammad Ali Jinnah was demanding (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi). Gandhi suggested that Jinnah is offered the post of prime minister or defense minister. Jinnah refused and instead declared a direct action day on August 16 (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi). On August 16, many innocent people died and several were wounded in Calcutta (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi). Then he went to Bengal and said this quote. He warned that he would fast to death. Then he went to Noakhali, a Muslim city in Bengal and said: Do or Die.He said either Hindus and Muslims would learn to live together, or he would die in the attempt. After this, the situation calmed down for some time but rioting started in elsewhere (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi). Gandhi’s thoughts after independence were downcast as he didnt achieve what he wanted. Gandhis dream of Indias independence came true on August 15, 1947 (Vander 79-80). But he had never wanted religion to divide the people which in this case are the Hindus and Muslims (Vander 79-80). Pakistan and India are divided into two countries on June 3, 1947, and was announced by viceroy Lord Louis Mountbatten (Vander 79-80). Subhash Chandra Bose was attracted to the ideals of socialism and communism while he had lived in western Europe for several years in early 1930 (Wolpert â€Å"Bose, Subhash Chandra†). He later preferred fascism and Nazism which he thought he could humanize with an admixture of Indian philosophy, then introduce to India as a potent form of national Indian socialism. Gandhi is simple and preached non-violence while Bose was attracted to all evil governments systems and influenced many people (Wolpert â€Å"Bose, Subhash Chandra†). Bose didnt join Gandhis revolutionary opposition to British rule and he found Gandhi as too nebulous about the goals of his movement, and too worried about avoiding all violence in the national protest. So Bose thought Violence is the only way to end British rule and started to go against Gandhi in many ways (Wolpert). By looking at the thesis statements and looking at what Gandhi did, one would say that Gandhi did way better than Subhash Chandra Bose as Gandhi preached non-violence while Subhash Chandra Bose thought violence is the only way to end British rule. Technically thinking Nonviolence is better as no one would get hurt and things can go smoothly without any harm to anybody. And Bose was also towards Nazism and communism which are some violent type of governments. So Gandhi is way better than Bose as he preached non-violence and did all things smoothly and clearly without any type of harm or mess to anybody.

Edc1100 - Society Begins at Home - 2682 Words

EDC1100 Lifespan Development and Learning Course Examiner: Dr Patrick O’Brien Tutor: Ms Linda De George Walker Critical review of Society begins at home By Sally Weale Due Date: May 30, 2011 Word Count: 1557 The article, Society begins at home, written by Sally Weale for The Age on May 9 2010, takes an objective look at two books written by author Sue Gerherdt, Why Love Matters: How Affection Shapes a Baby’s Brain and The Selfish Society. Weale emphasizes Gerherdt’s main objectives of both books, being how environment and experience at the start of life and through early childhood, namely childcare, effect a child’s development and ultimately society. This essay will analyse and evaluate four issues raised throughout†¦show more content†¦Weale (2010) writes, the people we become are fundamentally shaped by our earliest experiences and, in particular, the sort of love and attention we receive from our parents/carers. This statement would be of great interest to ethological theorist John Bowlby, formulator of the attachment theory which today is considered by many as the most persuasive theory of early emotional development (Oppenheim amp; Goldsmith, 2007). Bowlby was a strong believer that children required a warm continuous relationship to a mother figure or caregiver and without it they would become emotionally damaged (Penn, 2008, Pg 54). Bowlby theorized that the first attachment a child experiences in the first 6 months of age is most likely to a parent but could be to that of a grandparent or even sibling. Evidence from many studies on parent-child relationships, suggest significant associations between early secure attachment to later good functioning, and early insecure attachment to later emotional and behavioural difficulties (Prior, 2006, Pg 168). The toddler who has a secure attachment that she can rely on for comfort and support is more likely to trust others and be supportive than the toddler whose has an insecure attachment and is ignored, abused or belittled (Shonkoff amp; Phillips, 2000). Non-parental child care is in today’s economy somewhat unavoidable. What effects does this care have on development? Lev Vygotsky would strongly argue that childcare is essential

Causes of Increase in Price of Essentials in the Last Five Years Free Essays

string(225) " and projections like to estimate national demand for essential commodities for 2007, import scenarios in 2007, product-wise global production and price scenarios, comparison between Indian and Bangladeshi retail prices etc\." Term Paper Causes of increase in price of essentials in the last five years Department Of Economics East West University Submitted by: Afia Ibnat Sajoti : 2012-2-31-118 Nusrat Jahan : 2012-3-30- fzuuiuhio Date of submission: Table of contents: 1. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 2. Abstract: Increases in price level are also referred to as inflation. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Increase in Price of Essentials in the Last Five Years or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such price increases in an economy are usually due to the effect of macroeconomic factors like demand, supply and consumption. All other macroeconomic factors that affect increases in price level are somehow related to these three factors. Those other areas include interest rate, monetary policies and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Since mid-2007 basic food prices have rocketed with disastrous consequences for poor consumers. The spike in international market prices through the first half of 2008 has now subsided. Still prices of rice, wheat, corn (maize), and edible oils remain well above the levels of just a year ago and are likely to remain elevated and volatile for years to come. Two separate dynamics need to be understood in order for countries to make necessary adjustments. A gradual rise in food prices has been under way since at least 2004 with three general and fundamental factors at work: rapid economic growth in the People’s Republic of China and India especially put upward pressure on prices as demand simply outpaced supply; a sustained decline in the United States dollar since mid-decade added to the pressures on dollar-denominated international market prices; and a combination of high and rising fuel prices coupled with legislative mandates to increase production of biofuels has established a firm link between petroleum prices and food prices. The causes of price spikes are crop-specific. Drought and disease in 2007 caused wheat prices to jump, and supplies of edible oil were reduced as farmers in the United States shifted acreage out of soybeans into corn for nonfood uses (ethanol). Rice is the clearest example of crop-specific causes—the price spike was driven by export bans that were aimed at helping contain domestic food price inflation in exporting countries, but had the unintended effect of setting off panic as supplies to the already thin world rice market were sharply reduced. Asia will need several years of good rice harvests in order to stabilize the situation and reduce the exposure of the poor to another shock in food prices. This will not be easy to achieve as input costs are driven higher by high energy prices. Thus, it seems unlikely that world food prices will return to the declining trend seen between the mid-1970s and the first few years of this century. Introduction: The world prices of wheat, coarse grains, rice and oilseed crops all nearly doubled between the 2005 and 2007 marketing years and continued rising in early 2008. These increases in agricultural commodity prices have been a significant factor driving up the cost of food and have led to a fuller awareness and a justifiably heightened concern about problems of food security and hunger, especially for developing countries. The causes of this price spike are complex and due to a combination of mutually reinforcing factors, including droughts in key grain-producing regions, low stocks for cereals and oilseeds, increased feedstock use in the production of biofuels, rapidly rising oil prices and a continuing devaluation of the US dollar, the currency in which indicator prices for these commodities are typically quoted. This turmoil in commodity markets has occurred against the backdrop of an unsettled global economy, which in turn appears to have contributed to a substantial increase in speculative interest in agricultural futures markets. Tight market conditions for essential agricultural commodities pose policy challenges for national governments as well as for international organizations. In order to take the right policy decisions, we need to understand what caused the current price spike, what the implications may be for prices and price volatility in the future, and how various countries and members of society may be affected. This note aims to improve this understanding and thereby to contribute to sound policy formulation. Purpose and Scope: Price hike of essential commodities created various problems in the economic growth of Bangladesh. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a clear picture of price spike and its reasons, how it is creating problems in Bangladesh and in the global economy. This paper examines the issues at stake in light of rising food prices and This paper covers the present market situation of price movements that is about more or less within the year 2005 to 2011. This research only covers the essential commodities. Overall price movements of the economy are not the concern of this paper. Literature review: The focus of this literature review thus far has been price discovery in the beef sector. There are also several additional issues related to price discovery that should be considered. Among these issues are price transmission and identity preservation. By reading economical research PRICE OF DAILY ESSENTIALS: A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF RECENT TRENDS by Centre Policy Dialogue (CPD) it mentioned that Price hike of essential commodities has been one of the major challenges facing the incumbent Caretaker Government (CTG) of Bangladesh. The economy has been experiencing a creeping inflation over the recent past. Two most distinctive features of this inflationary trend had been the following: (i) increase in food prices had been more than that of non-food prices, and (ii) consumer price index was higher in the rural areas than in the urban counterparts. These trends had adverse implications particularly for the poorest segments of the society, given that there has not been any tangible increase in their real income. It broadly provided the current situation of our economics by showing an analysis of the supply chain of selected essentials items and distribution of recent commodity prices like rice, wheat flour, potato, onion, vegetables, eggs etc. It also demonstrated the current supply situation of selected essential items and projections like to estimate national demand for essential commodities for 2007, import scenarios in 2007, product-wise global production and price scenarios, comparison between Indian and Bangladeshi retail prices etc. You read "Causes of Increase in Price of Essentials in the Last Five Years" in category "Papers" Methodology: This research is conducted on the basis of secondary information and the market research done by various parties. Information has been collected from relevant papers and documents provided by the different governmental departments and international organizations, publications of different research think tanks and newspaper and web site. The steps that can be taken are This term paper is based on secondary data. It is a quantitative and research. Data is mainly from some renowned institutions like CPD, BB, BIDS, BBS, BEA, IPB etc. Limitations: Due to data limitation, this assessment is done by a simple methodology of comparing pre and post price shock. The literature reviewed in this study covers many of the topics important to price discovery. However it should be noted that the literature covers many decades of work by many authors. Therefore this study has focused on the significant and broad based work found in the literature. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS Price changes and trends Global food and oil price hike have also increased the bar of food price in the local market. The food price of essential commodities has been increasing hastily since 2005 and climbed at the highest peak of the decade in 2008. However, prices declined a bit in 2009 but again started to increase since 2010 and till November 2011 prices of most of the essential commodities has risen more than those of 2008. If taken 2005 as the base year, the scenario of food prices in 2011 becomes a matter of stun and awe. From the table- 1, it is comprehensible that the prices of coarse, medium and fine rice have been doubled in 2011 than those of 2005. The price of Atta (white) increased by 83. 33 percent by November compared to 2005. The price of soybean and palm oil increased by 147 percent and 151. 22 percent respectively by November 2011 relative to 2005. The price of garlic in 2005 was Tk. 54/Kg while it increased by 122. 22 percent by November 2011. The prices of different types of pulses have increased over the years at an incredible rate. The prices of baby food items, powder milk and sugar are also on an upward movement. It might be very difficult for the poor people to manage three meals a day when the prices of essential commodities are on the rise at an accelerating rate and volatile. As a result of this volatile nature of the price of essential commodities, the poorest segment and the limited earners are in great distressed. Consumer Price Index and Trend of Food and Non-food Inflation A measure that examines the weighted average prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, essential food and medical care. Specially, here we consider consumer goods i. e. ;essential food items. However, the CPI measures how much the price of consumer goods has changed over a given time period. It measures the inflation and deflation. If the large rises in CPI during short period of time indicate a period of inflation and large drops indicate deflation. From the table-2, it is caught sighted that recent data indicates the upward trend of consumer price index (CPI) in general and prices of essential commodities exceeds beyond the limit of poor income group or fixed earners. National (CPI) average is 10. 24 percent and 12. 2 percent for the month of October’ 2011. While the food prices of rural areas continued to boost at an accelerating rate compare to the food prices of urban. It is really a threat for the developing country like Bangladesh. This is clearly shown in the figure-1. Causes of the Current Increase in Food Prices * Black Marketing: In some cases, when governments or regulatory bodies s et a maximum price for a good, this leads to black markets. To be effective, the maximum price has to be below the market price that prevails as a result of the interaction of demand and supply. For example, the market price of wheat is $5. The government is regulating the industry and fixes a price of $4 as the maximum price. Supply of wheat is going to reduce and demand is going to increase based on the laws of demand and supply. This will lead to a shortage as people are demanding more wheat than is being supplied. Some consumers will be willing to pay the original market price for wheat ($5) and some will be willing to pay even higher. This leads to a black market where suppliers will provide the willing consumers with wheat at a price higher than the prevailing one. It broadly means holding the inventories and selling it at a higher price. It creates artificial scarcity in the economy in spite of increase in production and results in price rise, * Black money: Black money encourages the people to the demand of goods and services in the economy thereby leading to high rise in the general price level. Tax evasion here is widespread with a new study by the finance ministry finding that undeclared income or ‘black money’ could account for up to 80 per cent of Gross Domestic Product — some $110 billion. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) Research Director Binayak Sen argued that the housing sector has seen one of the most visible growths. †¦ why only took 450 to Tk 500 million is earned as tax and why the number of people having above Tk 200 million property is only 4000?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It should not be less than 20 to 30 million if the valuation is calculated at market rate and not at the source rate,† said Binayak. Economists hold the view that black money breeding can become a major factor behind persistent inflation through misallocation of resources and shifts of resources from productive investment to current profligate consumption. Rapid Growth of Population: The rapid growth of population means more mouths to feed, more demand of clothing and basic necessities as compared to supply of goods and services which result in price rise. Several population factors play an important role in the increasing and changing nature of the demand for food, while also constricting supply and access to food. The population’s role is often neither direct nor simple, and its impacts can vary at the local and global level. Nonetheless, many demographic trends that affect food supply and demand, especially rapid population growth, urbanization, population density of the rural poor, and migration for employment, are projected to continue. Urbanization, the growth of the middle class and associated changes in consumption patterns, migration and wage employment, large family size are all contributing factors as well. * Deficit Financing: Deficit financing, practice in which a government spends more money than it receives as revenue, the difference being made up by borrowing or minting new funds. Although budget deficits may occur for numerous reasons, the term sually refers to a conscious attempt to stimulate the economy by lowering tax rates or increasing government expenditures. It means printing more currency notes and coins. Deficit financing is done mainly to meet the budgetary deficit. It results in more supply of money in the economy but when the increase in the supply of money corresponds with less increase in the supply of goods and services (National output) there is a rise in the price of goods and services * High and rising price of energy: Energy and agricultural prices have become increasingly intertwined. With oil prices at an all-time high approaching $150/barrel, the U. S. government is subsidizing farmers to grow crops for energy. The U. S. farmers have massively shifted their cultivation towards bio-fuel feedstocks. High energy prices have also made agricultural production more expensive by raising the cost of mechanical cultivation and fertilizers, as well as marketing including cost of transportation. At the same time, the growing world population is demanding more and different kinds of food. * Rapid economic growth: Rapid economic growth in many developing countries, especially China and India have pushed up consumers’ purchasing power, generating increased demand for food. This has shifted food demand away from traditional staples and toward higher-value foods like meat and milk. In the last five years, the  world economy  has grown on average by 8. 6% per year. The means our incomes have increased by this amount in real terms every year. Most of the contribution to economic growth has come from service industries, and manufacturing industries to a lesser extent. On the flip side of this, the agricultural sector has seen extremely poor growth in the last five years. While the overall economy has been growing 8. 6% per year, the agricultural sector has grown by a paltry 3. % per year in the last five years, on average. Thus, our income is rising a lot faster than food production. Demand is rising much faster than supply, and this is causing the high levels of food price in inflation. In addition, population is also growing by 1. 3% per year, further increasing the demand for food. * Dollar- depreciation: The rapid depreciation of the dollar against the euro and some other important currencies drives up the price of commodities quoted in dollars for both supply and demand reasons (see below). The depreciation of the dollar also causes investors â€Å"long† in dollars (i. e. most US-based investors, but holders of dollars globally as well) to seek hedges against this loss of value, with commodities being one attractive option. a sustained decline in the dollar since mid-decade added to the upward price. Pressure on dollar-denominated commodity prices directly, and indirectly fueled a search for speculative hedges against the declining dollar. Increasingly since 2006, these hedges were found first in petroleum, then in other widely traded commodities, including wheat, corn, and vegetable oils. * Increase in Money Supply: Money supply includes currency notes and coins, demands and time deposits. Increase in money supply shows that people in an economy are ready to spend more money for buying goods and services. Conclusion Essential commodities especially food in our country are important concerns at policy level to ensure the welfare of the mass people. In this regard price hike comes to top most concern with respect to food security because if the price hike causes food insecurity for the mass of the people of our country. Availability of food, though indispensable for food security, is not enough to significantly improve food security at the household level. For improved household food security, all our efforts are needed to ensure nutrition of the poor through improving their accessibility to food and ensuring full biological utilization of the food. The overall food security can be well attained when increased accessibility to food is ensured through enhanced skill in domestic agriculture and increased availability of cereals and non-cereals, through attaining food accessibility by a sustained increase in the income of the poor and through education and health services leading to effective utilization of food of the malnourished people. It is expected that the people of the country will be able to enjoy their desired needs through essential commodities. For ensuring this situation price hike in essential commodities are to be taken into control. All the government initiatives should be targeted to increase production, reducing costs, ensure fair competition (competition law may be enacted and enforced) and gaining confidence of the business community and by ensuring these supplies could be increased and be able to keep pace with demand and price could be handled. References 1. Bangladesh institute of development studies (BIDS) Global Commodity Price Volatility and Domestic Inflation: Impact on the Performance of the Financial Sector in Bangladesh. 2. Center For Policy Dialogue PRICE OF DAILY ESSENTIALS: A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF RECENT TRENDS A report prepared for the Ministry of Commerce, Government of Bangladesh 3. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) 4. The Finance Express (FE) Rising food prices in Bangladesh: Causes, poverty impacts and policy actions 5. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Research Current State of Price Hike In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Food Items. 6. Bangladesh Economic Association (BEA) How to cite Causes of Increase in Price of Essentials in the Last Five Years, Papers

Analysis of Automotive Network Security †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Automotive Network Security. Answer: Introduction: The physical layer is responsible for handling the transmissions in bit level in between a number of nodes. It is the lowest layer among all the layers of the OSI network layers. The layer is generally used for the transmission of the raw data in between the nodes. This layer is generally involved with the hardware peripherals of the network. The data flowing in this network is raw and flow in the bits of o and 1. Hence, this layer should be possessing all the qualities of an efficient system are correctness, reliability, robustness and security, compatibility and scalability, ease of use, and efficiency. The physical layer helps in the power management of the system. This layer supports the MCU, CAN and other embedded system loads. The physical layer also integrates the Trans receivers for the CAN and the LIN protocols. This proves the robust capabilities of the physical layers. This layer helps in the transmission of the digital information across the network. The physical layer al so provides an efficient CAN communication facilities that prove the efficiency of the system. Additionally, it is also required that the physical layer is secured efficiently as large amount of raw data flow through the network. The reliability of the network should also be optimum as the data lost in the physical layer can change the entire message of the sender. The scalability and compatibility of the physical layer can be judged through the transmission of data in the network and the synchronization of the data in the bit level. The layer also make point to point communication in between the nodes in the network. The layers provides a speed of around 100 mb/sec which makes the data easy to transfer and also increases the efficiency in the network. Hence, the speed, rate and the efficiency of the system depends on the physical layer of the network. The data-link layers comes after the physical layer. It is almost similar to the physical and perform activities similar to the physical layer. The main components in the layer are framing, physical addressing, and control of flow, error and accessibility. This components acts as major factors on the decision of correctness, reliability, robustness and security, compatibility and scalability, ease of use, and efficiency of the system. Framing makes use of the points to point configurations for the transmission of the bits of data as the stream. This techniques is generally used when the frames are converted to blocks of information. These frames consist of the error checking techniques. They provide the correctness feature to the networking layer. The frames provide the user with the information to the next frame. The labelling information provides the network the assistance to direct the frames to the points in the network where the destination of the frame is present. This provides the ease of use and simplicity for the networking layer. The header of the frame is either the MAC of the machine to which the data is directed and the logical address for the next network layer in line. The MAC addresses are very efficient as they provide the physical address of the devices in the network and hence all the machines in the network listed by the network. This provides the security characteristics to the data-link layer. The MAC addresses are also very compatible for the connection with the other devices in the network. They also help the devices in connecting with the other peripherals in the network. The data-link layer also establishes connection among two nodes in the system. The data transfer is stopped as soon as the link in between the nodes are broken and hence, this provides the information about the efficiency in the data-link layer. The trailers added to the frames provides the information about the error in the network and also makes the data error free o n the other hand. This helps in the error control of the data-link layer. The network layer also makes use of the error control technique such as the ARQ and FEC technologies. Hence, all the criteria for the data-link layer are maintained. The internet layer comes after the data-link layer. The main purpose for this network layer is providing the layer with the communication facilities for all the nodes. The layer provides an end to end communication system for the as opposed to the machine to machine link provided by the data link layer. In addition to this, the layer provides the connection oriented and connection-less services. The layer acts as the interface in between the host and the network. Hence, the layer provides the correctness, reliability, robustness and security, compatibility and scalability, ease of use, and efficiency of the system decisions. The basic approaches adopted by the layer provides the users and the system the option of transmitting data with a flexibility and increase the ease of use in the network. The layer makes use of the source and destination addresses so that the data is sent and collected from the real sources. This provides the security concept to the network. Additionally, the la yer creates a virtual route in between the two nodes for the network and this maintains the robustness of the network. Additionally the compatibility and the scalability of the network is maintained in this layer. These three layers are the most important layers in the network and hence, all the characteristics of an efficient system in these layers would mean that efficiency is maintained throughout the network. In controlled access the nodes in the network consults the other nodes before sending the informations. The administrator holds the access control for the physical locations within the network. The clients request the server for the access to the physical content within the network. The client can only the view the content in the network to which they are provided access to. If the client is not provided with the access they cannot view or access the data. On the other hand in contention based access the data is broadcasted on the network and whoever is present on the network can access the data very easily. Any computer can transmit data at any time. However, this gives rise to collision within the network. The data is served to the clients on a first come first server basis and the data is available each and every node in the network. The controlled access mechanism of getting access to physical media is known as centralized system as the server holds all the access to the data in this network and located centrally. Additionally, the broadcasted data is spreads all over the network and hence, this mechanism is known as the distributed system for data access within the network. All the clients can access the data. Bibliography Ahmed, S.A.G., 2016. Throughput Enhancement of Local Area Network Queuing Model in Heavy Traffic Network (Doctoral dissertation, Sudan University of Science and Technology). Asrani, A., Koul, V. and Khot, R., 2016. Review of Network Steganography Techniques. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(12). Bora, G., Bora, S., Singh, S. and Arsalan, S.M., 2014. OSI reference model: An overview. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT, 7(4). Clemm, A., Medved, J., Varga, R., Bahadur, N., Ananthakrishnan, H. and Liu, X., 2018. A YANG Data Model for Network Topologies (No. RFC 8345). Collins, D., 2015, October. Flexible Switching for Flight Test Networks. In International Telemetering Conference Proceedings. International Foundation for Telemetering. Kizza, J.M., 2017. Guide to computer network security. Springer. Maj, S.P., Ohtsuki, K., Akamatsu, T. and Mackay, S., 2016. State Model Diagrams for Teaching Networkinga SOLO Based Evaluation. Modern Applied Science, 10(10), p.231. Mundhenk, P., Mrowca, A., Steinhorst, S., Lukasiewycz, M., Fahmy, S.A. and Chakraborty, S., 2016. Open source model and simulator for real-time performance analysis of automotive network security. Acm Sigbed Review, 13(3), pp.8-13. Rajesh, H. and Anjan, K., 2015. Construction of Covert Channel Using Data Hiding Mechanism In Ipv4. IJRCCT, 4(6), pp.387-389. Santos, M.G.M. and Marcillo, P.A.A., 2018. Security in the data link layer of the OSI model on LANs wired Cisco. Journal of Science and Research: Revista Ciencia e Investigacin, 3(CITT2017), pp.106-112.