Journal on The Lost Colony Of Roanoke Essay Essay Example

Journal on The Lost Colony Of Roanoke Essay Essay 1587. Day 1 We arrived today on the island of Roanoke. Queen Elizabeth of England had sent us over here to get down a settlement in the new universe. There were about one hundred and 20 people on board that bantam vas dwelling of work forces. adult females. and kids. I am really happy to do it onto land after so long on the H2O in a crowded ship. The land is heavy with woods. and the organic structures of H2O that surround us are beautiful. John White has been named governor of our settlement. We will write a custom essay sample on Journal on The Lost Colony Of Roanoke Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Journal on The Lost Colony Of Roanoke Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Journal on The Lost Colony Of Roanoke Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Day 20 I have been inside the huts all twenty-four hours taking attention of the kids and seeking to do it more like a place. I’ve conversed with another one of the ladies and she told me that some of the work forces have ventured into the forest today looking for the lost settlers. There were many gentlemen sent over during England’s last trip ; they were to get down constructing a cantonment. but ran out of supplies so one ship returned to England while the remainder of the work forces stayed here. The 15 of them that stayed have disappeared without any hints as to what happened to them. I besides heard rumours that they have made friends with the Croatoan Indians. and that they will assist us with acquiring supplies. When they returned this afternoon they announced that their day’s expedition was to no help. Soon we all have to get down calculating out a manner to acquire nutrient. we have enough to last for a long clip. but finally we will run out. Day 30 The yearss are get downing out to be the same each twenty-four hours. I have taken attention of the kids all twenty-four hours and cleaned this foul hovel up. Some of the work forces ventured out once more for hope of the lost settlers. but once more to no help. Others worked all twenty-four hours constructing places. Hopefully they will be finished shortly so we can acquire a proper roof over our caputs. John White is speaking of another trip to return to England for more supplies shortly. Day 100 The indigens have brought us nutrient today and hold taught the work forces what workss are comestible. We still are in demand of supplies though and a ship will be go forthing shortly to roll up. Our work forces have lost all hope of happening the 15 work forces who had disappeared. so groups have been on missions to happen gold or some kind of cherished metals to show to her stateliness that the new Colonies are profitable. Day 300 The ship left to travel back to England months ago. and we’ve lost all hope of its return. We have run out of supplies. the indigens are assisting us. but to remain at Roanoke is hopeless. Settlers have decided to get down a move someplace else. John White had organized an onslaught on the enemy Indians who we had heard attacked and killed our 15 work forces left on Roanoke. a few months back. but alternatively we attacked the Croatoans by accident. The Indians are non really lament on us now so we can non trust on them for shelter and nutrient. We have packed all our supplies left and ventured inland. The ship sent back to England didn’t return to the settlement for 3 old ages. During that clip England was at war with Spain and couldn’t afford to allow one of it’s ships return to Roanoke with supplies no affair how much John White begged the Queen. When England had won the war in 1590. a ship was sent back with supplies for the settlement. Once arrived on land. they discovered that the hundred and 16 people had abandoned Roanoke. All that was left was the word Croatoan carved into a tree. The settlement was neer found and the ship returned to England non cognizing the destiny of the settlers.

010 The Conversation Professor Ramos Blog

010 The Conversation Quick Write What do you think is the difference between writing in high school and writing in college? Name(required) Email(required) Comment(required) Submit WordPress.com Sign up for wordpress.com. This is the account you need to be able to post your essays. The Conversation We have already learned two important concepts: Literacy Writing Process The third concept is the metaphor of the conversation. What we are studying now, has a long history. People have been writing and researching everything you can think of. For example, the conversation on how to speak well goes back a couple thousand years to Aristotle, Plato, and others that came before. Everything you will write about from now on, needs to be based in a conversation. A scholarly one, a scientific one, a popular one. To know what has been said before, you need to read and research. Entering the Conversation The introduction to the textbook, page 1, explains that the book relies on templates to help us do the basic moves of writing. The templates are guides that when used, help us to structure and generate our own writing. We will talk a lot about approaches to writing and how to think about writing, as well as use the templates provided, to help us practice the principles of writing. It is true, of course, that critical thinking and writing go deeper than any set of linguistic formulas, requiring that you question assumptions, develop strong claims, offer supporting reasons and evidence, consider opposing arguments, and so on. But these deeper habits of thought cannot be put into practice unless you have a language for expressing them in clear, organized ways. (TSIS) State your own ideas as a response to others. You are just entering a conversation that has been going on for thousands of years. You are not expected to know everything, but you are expected to begin to understand what others have said before and how to find it. To argue means more than just stating your own position. To argue you need to enter into a conversation with others views. Then you can try to convince others of your position or just to see your position as valid. Burkes Unending Conversation Metaphor Kenneth Burke writes: Imagine that you enter a parlor. You come late. When you arrive, others have long preceded you, and they are engaged in a heated discussion, a discussion too heated for them to pause and tell you exactly what it is about. In fact, the discussion had already begun long before any of them got there, so that no one present is qualified to retrace for you all the steps that had gone before. You listen for a while, until you decide that you have caught the tenor of the argument; then you put in your oar. Someone answers; you answer him; another comes to your defense; another aligns himself against you, to either the embarrassment or gratification of your opponent, depending upon the quality of your allys assistance. However, the discussion is interminable. The hour grows late, you must depart. And you do depart, with the discussion still vigorously in progress. Dont Blame the Eater You wrote a summary of the Zinczenko article for todays journal. Quick Write In your own words, what is the Conversation? Name(required) Email(required) Comment(required) Submit

Excited ABOUT, not for

Excited ABOUT, not for Excited ABOUT, not for Excited ABOUT, not for By Maeve Maddox Reader Alex has called my attention to a strange new usage with the word excited: People say excited for instead of excited about: Im excited for Avatar. It sounds clearly wrong to me. It sounds wrong to me as well. The phrase is being spread at a furious rate by entertainment writers. Anyone getting excited for Dan Browns new novel The Lost Symbol (gaming site) Lions fans at Ford Field excited for Ndamukong Suh (sports site) Kirstie Alley Excited for 17-Year-Old Sons Wedding (celebrity gossip site) A gaming site called NeoGAF seems especially determined to spread the abomination. Google tracks 8,190 examples from that site. I can think of one context in which for instead of about following excited could be justified: when one is sharing a friends excitement. On the pattern of I am happy for you, one could say Im excited for you. Otherwise, standard usage calls for excited about, as in these examples in which the writers (including entertainment writers) got it right: Why I Am Excited About the  iPad Rube Goldberg competition gets teens excited about STEM Why you need to be excited about SpyParty Rivers excited about RB prospects Rolling Stone’s Reasons To Be Excited About Music Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingStory Writing 101â€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Capital Punishment - Essay Example It is very clear from the arguments mentioned above regarding the violation of human rights that capital punishment is in fact a cruel way to punish a criminal. Deterrence is one of the most common arguments which are used to justify capital punishment. The question that lies in this argument is whether capital punishment has been successful in creating deterrence and has lowered the crime rate. According to these statistics five countries with highest criminal killing rate are Jamaica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Trinidad Tobago and Lesotho, these countries do have a legal system of capital punishment and even then the homicide rate in these countries is 46.6 murders per 100,000 people while on the other hand five countries that have abolished death-penalty and have highest average homicide rate of 41.3 murders per 100,00 people include Honduras, Venezuela, Columbia, South Africa and Ecuador (O'Leary, 2011). These statistics show that capital punishment has failed in its purpose of creating deterrence as countries with capital punishment have higher homicide rates. Further to prove the failure of capital punishment as a deterrent is what a lieu tenant in Kansas had to say about this subject, â€Å"I have never heard a murderer say they thought about death penalty as consequence of their actions prior to committing their crime† (Ruff). When shed light on the topic of capital punishment and deterrence it can be seen very clearly that it has failed to create deterrence and lower crime rate. ... The question that lies in this argument is whether capital punishment has been successful in creating deterrence and has lowered the crime rate. According to these statistics five countries with highest criminal killing rate are Jamaica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Trinidad Tobago and Lesotho, these countries do have a legal system of capital punishment and even then the homicide rate in these countries is 46.6 murders per 100,000 people while on the other hand five countries that have abolished death-penalty and have highest average homicide rate of 41.3 murders per 100,00 people include Honduras, Venezuela, Columbia, South Africa and Ecuador (O'Leary, 2011). These statistics show that capital punishment has failed in its purpose of creating deterrence as countries with capital punishment have higher homicide rates. Further to prove the failure of capital punishment as a deterrent is what a lieutenant in Kansas had to say about this subject, â€Å"I have never heard a murderer say they thought about death penalty as consequence of their actions prior to committing their crime† (Ruff). When shed light on the topic of capital punishment and deterrence it can be seen very clearly that it has failed to create deterrence and lower crime rate. Looking at the increasing homicide rates one can wonder if death penalty is not a good solution then what else would provide justice to a person who’s closed one has been killed or justice for the person you cold bloodedly killed that person. Well to look closely at the whole process of punishment there are many other ways that would serve as a better punishment than capital punishment. Life in prison without parole will have to be a suitable punishment for capital crimes as it will make the criminal realize that he or

International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International law - Essay Example ........................................................................................ 6 State Practice...................................................................................................... 7 Hierarchy of sources........................................................................................... 8 International trade and development.................................................................. 8 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 10 References...................................................................................................................... 11 Main Sources of International Law Introduction International law is the primary governing authority in the management of international affairs. It includes laws and provisions which indicate standards by which states can interact with each other. These provisions also provide processes which are mandated for states to follow in relation to territorial, political, social, and economic relations. The commonly known source of international law includes the legal provisions passed by the United Nations and its General Assembly. However, other laws also make up the overall international statutes which help ensure the peaceful and efficient relations of states and other international actors. Although these statutes are often difficult to implement due to the inherent independence of states, sanctions are nevertheless forthcoming for violators. This paper shall outline and explain the main sources of international law. It will evaluate these sources in terms of their significance and importance in promoting the growth and development of international business and trade. This study will initially discuss the different sources of international law. An evaluation of these sources shall also be carried out and associated with the development of international business and trade. This paper will be discussed in order to provide an academic evaluation of international laws and provisions with the end goal of guiding the future evaluation of international activities and actions of states and business entities. Body Overview of sources of international law The sources of international law would include the materials and provisions where the standards and principles managing states and international actors are established (Jennings and Watts, 1992). These sources are based on various political and legal principles. In the 19th century, the concept of pacta sunt servanda was recognized, mostly as a means of limiting sovereign power and authority (Jennings and Watts, 1992). This homogeneous perspective of international law was apparent in the 1920 Statute for the Permanent Court of International Justice, and further specified under Article 38(1) of the 1948 provisions on the International Court of Justice (ICJ) (Malanczuk, 1997). Article 38(1) is acknowledged to be the most enco mpassing provision indicating the sources of international law (Koskenniemi, 2000). This article calls for the International Court to use international conventions which are expressly acknowledged by other states and international customs as general practices supported by the law. To prevent non liquet, where no law would apply, the article also mentions that general principles used by the courts are those which have long been supported and used by civilized countries (Koskenniemi, 2000). Since states are the ones which give their consent and which

Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes

Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes, which normally called as juvenile onset or Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) are usually appear during childhood, teenage years, or early adulthood(7,8). In the Islet cell of pancreas, Beta makes insulin. It is an autoimmune disease meaning that immune system will destroys beta cell, hence insulin cannot be produced. As a result the cells in our bodies will not be able to process the glucose and therefore have no energy for movement (21) . Moreover, the glucose is unable to be transferred from bloodstream to the cells and the glucose level will increase in the blood compared to normal. Main symptoms include blurred vision, passing urine more often than usual and unusual thirst(8). The problem Diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death listed on U.S. death certificates in 2006. This ranking is based on the 72,507 death certificates in 2006 in which diabetes was listed as the underlying cause of death (11). Moreover, IDDM cannot be prevented as it mostly inherited by the parent cell as the research said if you have a family member with Type 1 Diabetes, your risk is about five to six percent, compared to the risk in general population which is 0.4%(2). Hence what are possible treatments to replace the insulin to minimise the rise of glucose level in the blood? (248 words) A POSSIBLE SOLUTION Insulin pump therapy Insulin pump is a small mechanical device, a little larger than a pager that is worn outside the body, often on a belt or in a pocket (13). It will deliver insulin through cannula on the infusion site and the patients have to decide how much insulin will be given as it is not automatic. Nipro Diabetes Systems Amigo OmniPod Insulin Management System The goal of insulin pump therapy is to imitate the insulin secretion pattern which can be seen in people without diabetes. Two patterns released by insulin are: Basal insulin is insulin that is delivered continuously in small amounts. Bolus insulin, which is extra dosed insulin released for controlling the glucose level after taking meals (2). (388 words) Standard bolus indicates insulin is pumped completely and diffuses at the onset of bolus. Spike shape was pumped which expected to act the fastest possible for that kind of insulin. Hence, they must take meals which contain high carb and low protein and fat in order to lowers the blood sugar levels quickly. Extended bolus represents the spreading of insulin over time by slow infusion. By pumping square wave shape, the bolus is avoiding a high initial dose of insulin entering the blood causing low blood sugar level before digestion. Therefore, they should take more high fat high protein meals such as steak, which will be raising blood sugar for many hours past onset of the shape. Figure is a combination bolus of spike shape and square wave shape (12).Combo bolus.JPG This will give larger dose of insulin at first and extent the tails of insulin action. As a result, those who have combination bolus are appropriate for high fat meals such as pizza and chocolate cake. (608 words) This method can increase the spike bolus action and extend the action for several hours. Thus, super bolus people must take certain foods (like sugary breakfast cereals) which cause a large post-prandial peak of blood sugar. It attacks the blood sugar peak with the fastest delivery of insulin that can be practically achieved by pumping. In the year 2009, about 1119 pumpers are recorded in United State and this is the one of the solution for mimicking the production of insulin in the body. The age group ranging from 0 to 20 shows the highest user of insulin pump; hence it is proven that diabetes type 1 usually appear in childhood and teenage years. (767 words) Over the years, a number of different types and brands of insulin have been developed to meet different needs. SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL IMPLICATIONS Katherine G who was diagnosed with diabetes and keep asking what had I done wrong? And wanted to smack every overweight person she saw. From Gretchen Becker The First Year Type 2 Diabetes copyright 2001(1). First and foremost, after being diagnosed as diabetic, some of them cannot accept the fact and take some time to mourn their loss. Some of them might fell depressed for example: In 2007, the world is estimated to spend at least USD 232 billion to treat and prevent diabetes and its complications. By 2025, this lower-bound estimate will exceed USD 302.5 billion. Source: http://www.worlddiabetesday.org/files/docs/Economic_aspects.pdf(15)They also worried about the next generation as Type 1 Diabetes is inherited and get stress thinking about the complication of diabetes which cause them to use wheelchair because has no feet and also being wheeled in order to use the dialysis machine(1,5). They may lose their self esteem to face the world. Some might be under pressure as they have to be strict on their food intake and must follow the diet for diabetic. Moreover, they need to take a lot of medicine and also insertion. From this statement, I can concluded that diabetes is a highly cost disease. First and foremost, the insulin pump therapy itself is a very expensive and a lot of money spends for buying the insulin needed for pumping. Secondly, diabetes has long term complications which are dangerous for instance retinopathy, neuropathy and also kidney failure. They must use a lot of money in order to prevent these complications from spreading at their body. As we all know, not all diabetic people are wealth and they only depend on only one income source, hence can we imagine how they would survive with this disease especially those from the poorest countries and family. (15) (1307 words) BENEFIT AND RISK Advantages BEST hbA1cs before the pump The level of hbA1C decreases with an average of 6.3 after using the insulin pump compared to 7.2 before using the pump. The pumper users also show decreasing pattern from 725 to 713. So, the percentage of getting long-term complication for instance stroke, heart disease, blindness, kidney failure and also amputation can be lowered. (1383 words) Pumpers have been shown to experience lesser episodes of severe hypoglycaemia compared to people who take injections. Clinical studies shown that using fast acting insulin, the glucose control can be improved with less risk of hypoglycaemia (3,22). Moreover, the pumper can keep up-to-date with their daily schedule. They are flexible to move and free to do what they want for example they can keep on the pump during exercising in the evening. Insulin pumpers must change the infusion site about three times a week, and using about only 156 insertion a year but the injection can achieved mean more than 1,400 injection per year. (3,22) (1527 words) Disadvantages An episode of diabetic ketoacidosis state of inadequate insulin levels resulting in high blood pressure and accumulation of organic acids and ketones in the blood may take place if the pumpers do not receive sufficient amount of fast acting insulin for many hours. There is high risk of infection if the catheter site of cannula has not been changed every three days and also skin reactions such as rashes may appear at the site of cannula. This therapy is very expensive as pumps are high prices. By using insulin therapy, the society might know that you have diabetes since this is one of the popular ways to cure it (19) . Some of diabetic might develop blurring vision soon after starting insulin due to a change of lens refraction and it will correct itself within two to three weeks (3) . The picture 2 shows the process of forming of diabetic ketoacidosis. Source: http://www.deo.ucsf.edu/type2/diabetes-treatment/complications/diabetic-ketoacidosis.html (1669 words) ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS Exercising People, who exercise regularly, when compared to those who do not exercise, decrease their chance of developing diabetes by 30 to 50%. Exercise help by improving the bodys to use insulin and causes cholesterol level and blood pressure to drop (4). Aerobic exercise burns calories to help in managing the weight, strengthen the heart and lungs and gives endurance. In other word, it improves the bodys ability to use insulin and prevent diabetes. We must do warm up and cool down before and after exercising. Take at least 20 minutes and three times a week to exercise. Furthermore exercise can increase the uptake of glucose by muscles thus increase in carbohydrate intake. We must take enough carbohydrate before exercising but overdose of carbohydrate will results in hyperglycaemia. As diabetes, insulin must be sufficient before and after exercise because strenuous exercise and insufficient insulin will worsen diabetic control (5). Supplement vitamin and herbs Vitamin E helps dissolve fresh clot in veins and reduce the oxygen requirement of tissue and cell. Moreover, it also helps to from new skin (in healing the ulcer and burns) and increases the blood supply to tissue, thus reduces diabetes gangrene and amputations. Vitamin E reduces the need for insulin in 30% of diabetes (6). Biotin is B vitamin that functions in manufacture and use of carbohydrate, fat and amino acids. It enhances insulin sensitivity and increase the activity of enzyme glucokinase, enzyme responsible for the first step in the use of glucose in liver as this enzyme is low in diabetic. It also helps in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy (7). (1937 words) EVALUATIONS Through the years, we have introduced valuable solutions for patients and healthcare professionals-including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), CareLinkà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Therapy Management Software and the MiniMed Paradigm ® REAL-Time System, the worlds first integrated insulin pump and CGM System. Source: http://www.minimed.com/about/index.html (22) From the book of Diabetes Demystified written by Masharani, M.D copyright 2008(2); provide us a brief about diabetes. It helps us to know well about diabetes and why they have this disease. Moreover, ways of taking care for diabetic people also included and it provides me with the chart and also graphs for better understanding. The information are also available in the other books (1,4,5,6,7,8).Hence the facts are reliable. However, the publishing date was 2008 and the information might not be updated. I believe this website; has given me reliable and factual data. This is because it is owned by Medtronic Minimed, Incoporation and has been updated the info this year, 2010. Furthermore, they had led the technology about insulin pump therapy for 25 years and pioneered it since 1983. It helps pumpers to understand better about good control, insulin pump therapy and why pump therapy rather than the other. (2168 words)

What is Punishment

According to Krauth, (1996), punishment usually involves the deliberate incision of ache, misery or the removal of rights and/or freedom. Basically, these actions are definitely wrong. However, our society/community are using these methods particularly in law-breaking issues to maintain peace and order. The community gives punishment to avoid crimes and violence. The people are encouraged to be vigilant and to disclose any information pertinent to the occurrence of violent offenses (Krauth, 1996). Krauth, (1996) cited that a number of communities in some parts of the world have attempted to develop community-based crime prevention strategies as supplemental action for the government’s efforts in giving punishment. Basically, punishment of offenders in society is a wide context, thus to narrow the context this review will cover only the role and effect of punishment in shaping the behavior of an individual; i. e. parenting and learning strategies which summarizes the studies conducted by Ballantine, J. (2001), Moeller (2001), and Hill (1990). On the other hand, in the report of Hyman and Zelikoff (1987), the issues regarding the worst result of punishment to an individual i. e. trauma is also reviewed. In follow up to this, Bartol (1995) identifies the possible bad result of punishment i. e. aggression. The report concerning the theories of behavior in accordance to learning behavior were further discussed in the paper of Slavin (1995), Kounin (1970), Skinner (1974), Thorndike (1912) and Pavlov, (1927). During our childhood days, our parent usually imposed punishment to us if we got mistakes. Actually, this punishment affects our development as a child. It could have either positive or negative effects. And of the negative effects of it is aggression (Bartol 1995). With this regard, this review of literature also seeks to realize why people permit the legitimation of this type of infiltration. Thus, it evaluates the reason behind why discipline relies on punishment and negative consequences to improve child’s behavior. Punishment also affects the education and learning behavior of a child, thus we will also cover issues of punishment in school setting. Review In the study conducted by Ballantine, J. 2001; p. 46), he argued that parents usually give punishment to their children just to discipline them. However, parents should be cautious in giving punishment. This might cause physical, emotional and mental problems or this may also results to rebellious behavior or worst a trauma. Research has long proven that the parenting styles adopted by parents often have a gre at impact on the development of the child (e. g. Ballantine, J. 2001; p. 46). Ballantine, J. (2001; p. 46) stated that there are three basic parenting styles i. e. authoritative, authoritarian and permissive styles. Basically, Ballantine, J. (2001) stated that authoritarian parents tend to control their offspring. Also, they are very demanding and have high expectations for their children. But also, they tend to be less responsive to their children’s needs. They rely very heavily on punishment. Authoritative parents, on the other hand, though also very demanding, gain the favor of their children by being highly responsive as well. They have clear definitions on the limitations and freedom of their children. They are also very supportive and give out punishment but explain the reasons for the action. Permissive parents are the opposite of authoritarian parents. They require les of their children but still is very responsive to them, they are often very lenient and don’t, if possible give out punishments. The uninvolved parents are also opposite of authoritative parents. As the name suggests, they are really uninvolved with their children. Often, they are very apathetic to the happenings in their children’s lives. They put a very high risk on their children since they do not put a defined line on what they expect of their children. Parenting styles differ and have profound effects in child development. According to Ballantine, J. (2001; p. 46), parenting styles that involve punishment trigger aggression in children, and then the aggression in children continue on to their own children, thus, resulting in an endless and vicious cycle. But just what is aggression? According to Bartol (1995; p. 184), aggression is a â€Å"behavior perpetrated or attempted with the intention of harming another individual physically or psychologically (as opposed to socially) or to destroy an object† (p. 184). According to Moeller (2001), agreement to Bartol (1995; p. ), defines aggression as an act to that has intent to harm another object or person. Aggression as effect of punishments can either be physical or psychological (Bartol 1995; p. 2 and Moeller, 2001). Many factors point to a child’s aggression, one of which is parenting styles adopted by parents. Actually, if the child is constantly exposed to excessive punishments, it is most likely that the child would be inclining to aggres sive behavior. Punishment is actually a form of aggression that can very well make the child inclined to aggression himself. If the child is repeatedly treated aggressively or punished excessively by his parents would most likely resort to aggression later on. As shown in the study of Hill (1990; pp. 70-77), punishment is also observed in schools or in any learning situation. Hill (1990; pp. 70-77) claimed that reliance on such measures i. e. punishment have negative effects on the learners. In all styles of teaching and classroom management, there are proper ways of carrying out the strategies so that the ends to these styles may be met (Hill 1990; pp. 70-77). In the case of assertion as added by Meyer, A. 1990), there are positive and negative methods of reinforcing these strategies. As students’ behavior vary, the teachers’ delicate role is to determine which would work best for the particular students. Basically, Meyer, A. (1990) stated that learners will react differently to situations, and if every positive method does not work out with them, then negative reinforcement is called for. T his is not to become unfair to the students. This is just to show them that there are regulations to be observed and authorities to be respected, as that virtue will better prepare them for life outside the confines of the school. There is no perfect way of teaching and classroom management. There are only receptive teachers who are attuned to individual students’ needs, thus a successful implementation of the assertive style of teaching and classroom management (Meyer, A. 1990). In the report of Hill (1990; pp. 70-77) on an incident in preschool in which punishment was used to help children learn to obey rules. One of the punishment procedures was to write the name of the offending child on the board the first time non-compliance with rules occurred. The goal is impressive in that it make the most of learning time, but there were some unintentional depressing side effects. In this case, a child told to his parents the list of names of â€Å"bad kids† in the class, and the child also described how they were being reprimanded. The child also told to her parents that these kids had their names written on the board. In relation to this, the child asked his parents if being with the kids would make him become one of them. From the child’s story, the mother decided to visit the school where she found a group of 5 and 6 year olds trying not to speak or move. As the parent observed, the teacher was diligently using rewards and punishment to mould the behavior of children. But every time a child giggled or laugh extremely or spoke without permission, another name went on the board. As the result, most of boys who came from families of lower socioeconomic background are found on that board (Hill 1990; pp. 70-77). From the results of the study of Hill (1990; pp. 70-77), it appears evident that what the child had absorbed from their punishment experiences, either vicariously or literally, was to spotlight on the manners that the teacher found unpleasant. The children tend to avoid such behavior at all costs, even if it is annoying just to impress the teacher instead of attending to the learning activities. As part of the giving punishment in shaping the behavior of the child, classroom management as stated by (Slavin, 2005; p. 1) in his paper should be observed. One characteristic of effective classroom management introduced by Slavin is that it involves a clear, specific plan of classroom rules and procedures that would guide performance (Slavin, 2005; p. 1). There was also a reward and punishment system observed. According to the teachers in the report of (Slavin, 2005; p. 1), every student was treated without bias but recognition was given to the most deserving and punishment was also implemented to address misbehavior. Praise or exemptions from some projects were the usual rewards given to performing students. The usual punishments were extra assignment, reprimand, or in worst case, detention. The purpose of the reward and punishment system was to delineate the acceptable behavior from the unacceptable. Praise i. e. â€Å"catching the students in the act of doing right†, can be a powerful motivator for many students. One strategy for reducing misbehavior in class is to make sure to praise students for behaviors that are incompatible with the misbehavior you want to reduce (Slavin , 2005; p. 1). In relation to this, Kounin (1970; p. 10) justified that the transfer of pupil attention to the child being punished is a usual phenomenon, and almost always results in less attention, rather than more, being paid to the desired learning outcomes. Every so often, the teacher's intent to help a child alter a behavior to one which is more acceptable to both the youngster and his superiors has tragic sequelae. Educators using disciplinary procedures perceived by the child as stringent and unfeeling can cause trauma. According to Hyman and Zelikoff (1987; pp. 1-2), the symptoms of this trauma are often similar to those observed in adults with Post Traumatic Stress Disorders. Symptoms seen in children include somatic complaints, avoidance of school, and sleep disturbances. As Skinner (1974; p. 8) emphasized a behavior which is followed a positive reinforcing motivation or circumstance will result in an increased tendency or probability that the person will repeat such behavior, this concept also operates in the opposite direction wherein the person will have a decreased tendency to do an act from which he or she received a negative reinforcement in the form of punishment. According to Thorndike (1912; p. 164-165), the main business of thought surely is to guide and control action. To make it intelligent, adaptive, efficient, Thorndike’s Law of Effect proposed an alternative means of achieving the same end. Effects, rewards and punishments, were seen as stamping actions â€Å"in† or â€Å"out† and selectively, intelligently, adaptively determining behavior (Pavlov, 1927; p. 25). The effects of a given action thus altered redirected, controlled subsequent conduct and left no place or need for thought or intellect. While Pavlov’s formulations, though different principle from those of Thorndike but similar in goal. Pavlov was likewise interested, not just in a theory of learning but also in the organism’s total behavior, in what was later referring as the principles of adaptive action. Both trial and error learning and conditioning imply adaptation to the environment but this end was achieved in both cases mechanically, non-mentalistically without thought (Pavlov, 1927; p. 25). As part of development in shaping the behavior of an individual Thorndike 1912 reported that the two-factor learning theory in its version accepted Thorndale’s theory of habit formation, essentially unmodified and in doing so, necessarily aligned itself with the thoughtless psychologies or behavior-zoologies (Thorndike 1912; p. 64-165). In admitting fear conditioning and in developing a feedback conception of punishment, the theory disposed itself toward what has become explicit. Now response facilitation as no less a matter of conditioning and meaning change than is response inhibition. And what is more immediately important, this new position, while in some ways just as mechanical and automatic as were the views of Thorndike and Pavlov. The prototype of knowledge in general are hopes and fears, both are internal events and such are assumed to be learned and after learning, to occur in a purely automatic, involuntary manner, these are mechanism and determinism. There is no simple and direct relationship between what an organism learns and what it does. Action is the result of more or less intricate and elaborate processes intervening between the end result of more or less intricate and elaborate processes â€Å"intervening between the end results of learning and the execution of behavior† (Thorndike 1912; p. 64-165). As described in the previous discussions, motivation and reward offers more positive effect in learning than punishment. Punishment normally directs the action to do desired behavior which results to aggression, weak learning and trauma. The incident of trauma from punishment initiated by educators is much greater than one would think. According to the study of Hyman and Zelikoff (1987; p. 11), 40 to 60 percent of college graduates remember an event of extremely retaliatory disciplinary action given by educators. In Unites States over 1,000,000 students were beaten by their teachers in 1980 (Meyer 1990; 30-47). As revealed in the study of Hyman and Zelikoff (1987), an individual that was previously abuse, beaten and punish are prone to become aggressors and criminals. Thus, the community should identify the significant risk factors of aggression and punishment provided by the community itself, the families that comprise the community, schools and academic institutions in the area, and individual backgrounds of the people. Moreover, the family also provides certain risk factors of aggression and punishment contributory to the development of violent attitudes and behaviors among children such as lack of oversight of children’s activities and habits, unfair and severe punishment for any misdemeanors and mistakes, conflicts between parents and children and between siblings, and parental toleration of violent behaviors. Review Synthesis From the given reviews concerning punishments, it is justified that parents, should very well know how to raise their children. Psychologists and researchers often recommend the use of authoritative parenting since it is well-rounded in all parenting aspects but they should be cautious in giving punishments. Since authoritative parents have high expectations of their children, one can expect that a child will be pushed to do the best, and that authoritative parents also reciprocate love and warmth, the child can have feelings of security. Another is that a child can also have the freedom to express his own thoughts and beliefs. The relationship between parenting styles and punishment resulting to aggression is very clear. Authoritative and Permissive parents’ children often resort to aggression since the upbringing of the parents is, faulty, if you may. The resort to aggression can also be triggered by relatively high and constant exposure to aggression by family, peers and the media. Also, the cross-generational aggression can also trigger aggression. It creates an unending cycle of aggression. On the other hand, punishment given to a child in school setting should be observed by the educators to avoid weak learning effectiveness. Positive learning environment or classroom management involves the strategies that teachers implement in preventing and handling misbehavior, using class time effectively, creating an atmosphere that encourages interest and inquiry, and permitting activities that engage students’ minds and imaginations (Slavin, 2005). Teacher should carefully observe the effect of punishments to students. Actually, it is suggested that teacher should use rewards strategy more often than giving punishment. Teachers and students have to work together to sustain positive behaviors and effective atmosphere for learning in order to ensure the successful transmission of knowledge in the classroom.